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SkyOS™ Capabilities

Calculated, autonomous responses based
on threat classification

01

How Does SkyOSTM Execute Its Capabilities?

Indrajaal operates with a multi-layered defence architecture, ranging from soft denial to hard kill that may include using explosives. The response to a threat exists on a spectrum of force, consequence and cost.

Instead of escalating by default, SkyOS™ autonomously calculates the cost of a particular response and chooses the best course of action based on the threat level.

And then, SkyOS™ acts with the minimum force required to guarantee neutralisation of the threat.

SkyOs command layer

02

How SkyOSTM Classifies Drone Threats

Modern drone threats are as varied as they are numerous. There are drones in the sky, land and sea. There are drones that are harmless and there are ones that can do millions of dollars worth of damage. And how you respond to these threats also matters based on what regulations allow in a certain zone.

The AI engine built into SkyOS™ classifies threats based on a set of factors and decides how to respond to them autonomously.

Threat Levels

Threat Levels
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Terrain

Border

Land

Sea

Mountains

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Regulation

Civil Aviation

Military

Border

Urban

03

Our product lines

DTIM Success Matrix

Success rates for Detection, Tracking, Identification and Mitigation using SkyOS™

DTIM CategoryMitigation Soft StallMitigation Soft StallMitigation Soft StallMitigation Soft StallMitigation Soft KillMitigation Soft KillMitigation Hard KillMitigation Hard KillMitigation Hard KillMitigation Hard KillDetectionDetectionDetectionDetectionTrackingTrackingTrackingIdentificationIdentificationIdentification
Device CapabilityISM Band RF JammingCellular Band JammingWide Band Smart JammingNavigation JammingCyber TakeoverNavigational SpoofingLaser WeaponHPM WeaponRCWSInterceptor DroneISM Band RF DFWideband RFDFProtocol HackerRADARProtocol HackerRADARElectro OpticElectro OpticProtocol HackerInterceptor Camera
Success Rate24%18%44%71%35%71%82%82%82%97%38%71%35%94%35%94%94%94%35%97%
Off the Shelf (OTS) DronesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Do-It-Yourself (DIY) DronesNoNoYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesPartialYesPartialYesPartialYesYesYesPartialYes
Wave Point Nav OTS DronesNoNoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYes
Cellular OTS & DIY DronesNoYesNoYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYes
First Person View (FPV) DIY DronesNoNoYesNoNoNoYesYesYesYesPartialNoNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYes
FPV OTS DronesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
OFC FPV DronesNoNoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesNoNoNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYes
Wave Point Nav DIY DronesNoNoNoYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYes
Dark Drone (No RF, No Nav, No Wire)NoNoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesNoNoNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYes
Military RF DronesNoNoPartialYesNoYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYes
Military Dark DroneNoNoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesNoNoNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYes
Swarm DIY DronesNoNoNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesPartialNoPartialYesPartialYesNoNoPartialYes
DIY Frequency Hopping DronesNoNoYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesPartialNoPartialYesPartialYesYesYesPartialYes
Friendly DronesNoNoNoNoYesNoYesNoYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesPartial
Metal DroneYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
High Speed Drone (30m/s+)YesYesYesYesYesYesNoYesNoYesPartialYesPartialYesPartialYesYesPartialPartialYes
Radar Evading DroneNoNoNoYesNoYesNoNoNoPartialNoNoNoNoNoNoYesYesNoYes
ResultRTHRTHRTHRTHCaptureSafe CrashDestroyDestroyDestroyDestroy
Tracking RequiredNoNoNoNoNoNoYesYesYesYes
Inference with existing systemsYesYesYesYesNoYesNoNoNoNo
Total Cases17
Success Cases447.51261214141416.56.5126166161616616.5

04

Learn More About Drone Threats

Understand the qualities of various drone types.

Threat Level - LOW

Understand the qualities of various drone types.

Threat Level - Low

Friendly drones

Threat Level - MEDIUM

Understand the qualities of various drone types.

Off-the-shelf drones

FPV OTS drones

Metal drones

Threat Level - HIGH

Understand the qualities of various drone types.

Threat Level - High

DIY drones

Waypoint navigation OTS drones

Cellular OTS & DIY drones

FPV DIY drones

Optical fiber cable FPV drones

Waypoint navigation DIY drones

DIY frequency-hopping drones

High-speed drones

Threat Level - VERY HIGH

Understand the qualities of various drone types.

Dark drones

Military RF drones

Swarm DIY drones

Radar-evading drones

Threat Level -CRITICAL

Understand the qualities of various drone types.

Military dark drones

Friendly Drones

Non-hostile drones deployed for commercial, research, or recreational use, but often misidentified in defense scenarios.

Key Characteristics

  • Wide variety of sizes, ranges, and functions
  • Operated by civilians, enterprises, or agencies
  • Can resemble hostile drones in appearance or flight profile

Potential Threats

  • Misclassification leading to collateral risks
  • Exploitation by adversaries to mask hostile activity

Examples

  • DJI Phantom (civilian use), Parrot Anafi (research use)
Threat Level - Low
Friendly drones

Off-the-Shelf (OTS) Drones

Commercial drones available in any store or online. Cheap, user-friendly, and widely accessible.

Key Characteristics

  • Short-to-medium range
  • GPS-based navigation
  • Limited payload capacity
  • Easy to operate with mobile apps

Potential Threats

  • Weaponized with small payloads
  • Used for low-cost surveillance
  • Deployed in swarms to overwhelm defenses

Examples

  • DJI Phantom, DJI Mavic, Parrot Anafi, Autel Evo
Threat Level - Medium
Off-the-Shelf (OTS) Drones

FPV OTS Drones

Commercial FPV drones designed for racing and sport, now increasingly repurposed for attacks.

Key Characteristics

  • Readily available in hobbyist markets
  • High-speed, low-latency flight
  • Optimized for precision maneuvers
  • Limited payload capacity but easy to adapt

Potential Threats

  • Used in kamikaze strikes
  • Precision-guided small-scale attacks
  • Low-cost option for militarized groups

Examples

  • DJI FPV, iFlight Nazgul, EMAX Hawk
Threat Level - Medium to high
FPV OTS Drones

Metal Drones

Drones built with significant metal content in their frame or design, making them heavy-duty but harder to jam.

Key Characteristics

  • More resistant to RF interference
  • Higher payload capacity
  • Rugged design for industrial/military use
  • Can carry specialized equipment

Potential Threats

  • Smuggling of heavier payloads
  • Persistent ISR platforms
  • Stronger physical resilience against countermeasures

Examples

  • Industrial quadcopters with aluminum frames, Custom-built heavy-lift drones
Threat Level - Medium to high

Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Drones

Custom-built drones using hobby parts or 3D-printed components. Flexible, unpredictable, and highly adaptable.

Key Characteristics

  • Open-source flight controllers
  • Configurable range and payloads
  • No fixed design — varies widely
  • Can bypass commercial restrictions

Potential Threats

  • Modified for smuggling or covert ops
  • Extended range with custom builds
  • High unpredictability in detection

Examples

  • Open-source ArduPilot / PX4 builds, 3D-printed quadcopters
Threat Level - High

Way-Point Navigation OTS Drones

Commercial drones upgraded with GPS waypoint navigation, enabling autonomous missions without live piloting.

Key Characteristics

  • Pre-programmed GPS routes
  • Autonomous flight, no operator needed
  • Can bypass jamming/geofencing
  • Consistent, precise navigation

Potential Threats

  • Payload delivery with minimal human involvement
  • Covert reconnaissance
  • Resilient against standard RF disruption

Examples

  • DJI Mavic (with waypoint planning), Parrot Disco (fixed-wing with flight path programming)
Threat Level - High

Cellular OTS & DIY Drones

Drones that connect via 4G/5G networks instead of standard radio controllers, extending range and resilience.

Key Characteristics

  • Operate beyond line-of-sight
  • Harder to disrupt with standard jamming
  • Both commercial and custom builds exist
  • Flexible control through mobile networks

Potential Threats

  • Long-range payload delivery
  • Remote reconnaissance with minimal operator risk
  • Blending into normal cellular traffic for covertness

Examples

  • Modified DJI drones with LTE modules, Custom rigs using 4G/5G dongles
Threat Level - High

First Person View (FPV) DIY Drones

Home-built racing drones adapted for hostile use. Controlled with FPV goggles for high-speed, precise piloting.

Key Characteristics

  • Extremely fast and agile
  • Manual piloting via VR-style goggles
  • Can carry small payloads for kamikaze missions
  • Highly customizable with open-source parts

Potential Threats

  • Kamikaze-style explosive delivery
  • Outmaneuvering counter-drone systems
  • Difficult to track due to speed and erratic maneuvers

Examples

  • DIY FPV racing quadcopters using open-source flight controllers
Threat Level - High

Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) FPV Drones

FPV drones modified with optical fiber cable connections instead of wireless RF links. This tethered design makes them immune to jamming and interception.

Key Characteristics

  • Controlled via optical fiber cable instead of radio signals
  • Immune to RF jamming and spoofing
  • Range limited by cable length
  • Can carry real-time video/data securely

Potential Threats

  • Reliable control in high-interference environments
  • Secure data transmission for surveillance
  • Potential payload delivery in EW-heavy zones

Examples

  • Custom-built FPV drones with fiber-optic tether systems
Threat Level - High

Way-Point Navigation DIY Drones

Custom-built drones programmed with GPS waypoints for autonomous missions, often optimized beyond commercial limits.

Key Characteristics

  • Open-source autopilot systems (ArduPilot/PX4)
  • Configurable flight endurance and payload
  • Fully autonomous navigation
  • Can bypass restrictions like geofencing

Potential Threats

  • Precision payload delivery with minimal oversight
  • Surveillance deep into restricted airspace
  • Extended range beyond typical OTS platforms

Examples

  • DIY fixed-wing UAVs with waypoint planning, Custom quadcopters with PX4/ArduPilot
Threat Level - High

DIY Frequency Hopping Drones

Custom drones designed with frequency-hopping radios to avoid interception or jamming.

Key Characteristics

  • Dynamic frequency changes during flight
  • Resistant to standard RF jammers
  • Configurable payload and endurance
  • Built with specialized RF modules

Potential Threats

  • Persistent ISR despite jamming
  • Smuggling or infiltration under EW pressure
  • Resistant to RF detection systems

Examples

  • DIY quadcopters with FHSS (Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum) modules
Threat Level - High

High-Speed Drones (30m/s+)

Racing-class or military drones capable of extreme speeds, limiting reaction time for defenses.

Key Characteristics

  • Speed exceeding 30m/s (≈108 km/h)
  • Agile, high-thrust designs
  • Short endurance but high impact potential
  • Often FPV-operated or pre-programmed

Potential Threats

  • Kamikaze strikes with minimal reaction time
  • Outrunning certain interceptors
  • Disruptive in swarm tactics

Examples

  • FPV racing quads (custom and OTS), Fixed-wing experimental UAVs
Threat Level - High

Dark Drones (No RF, No Nav, No Wire)

Silent, signal-free drones designed for maximum stealth. They use optical flow control or pre-set trajectories instead of GPS or RF, making them extremely hard to detect or counter.

Key Characteristics

  • No RF emissions → invisible to standard RF sensors
  • Navigate via optical flow control or inertial guidance
  • Pre-programmed or visually guided routes
  • Very low detectability across EW spectrums

Potential Threats

  • Covert infiltration into defended airspace
  • Payload delivery without triggering jammers
  • Surveillance missions in EW-denied zones

Examples

  • Custom stealth UAVs (proprietary builds by state/advanced non-state actors)
Threat Level - Very High

Military radio frequency (RF) drones

Professional-grade drones fielded by armed forces, using military radio frequencies and encrypted links.

Key Characteristics

  • Encrypted, jam-resistant RF control
  • Extended range and endurance
  • Payload capacity much higher than commercial drones
  • Multi-mission flexibility (ISR, strike, comms relay)

Potential Threats

  • Direct kinetic strikes
  • Persistent ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance)
  • Electronic warfare support

Examples

  • Bayraktar TB2 (Turkey), Wing Loong II (China), MQ-9 Reaper (US)
Threat Level - Very High

Swarm DIY Drones

Multiple low-cost DIY drones flown in coordination to overwhelm defenses.

Key Characteristics

  • Cheap, easily replicable builds
  • Coordinated swarming behavior
  • Individually expendable
  • Can saturate detection/mitigation systems

Potential Threats

  • Overloading air defense radars
  • Coordinated kamikaze attacks
  • Diversion for larger operations

Examples

  • Swarms of hobby quadcopters (custom open-source builds)
Threat Level - Very High

Radar-Evading Drones

Drones specifically designed to reduce radar cross-section (RCS) and avoid detection.

Key Characteristics

  • Use stealth materials and shaping
  • Low observable (LO) design profiles
  • Fly at low altitudes to mask radar returns
  • Can be DIY-modified or purpose-built

Potential Threats

  • Covert infiltration into radar-protected sites
  • Undetected ISR missions
  • Precision payload delivery in sensitive zones

Examples

  • Small composite-bodied quadcopters, Stealth UAV prototypes
Threat Level - Very High

Military Dark Drones

High-end stealth drones with minimal or no active signatures, designed for covert or contested missions.

Key Characteristics

  • Stealth shaping and materials to avoid radar
  • Pre-programmed autonomous flight plans
  • Low thermal/acoustic signature
  • Deployed in high-value missions

Potential Threats

  • Deep penetration into defended zones
  • Precision strikes without early detection
  • Intelligence collection in denied airspace

Examples

  • RQ-170 Sentinel (US), GJ-11 Sharp Sword (China)
Threat Level - Critical